I just finished reading The Technological System (1977) by
Jacques Ellul (1912-1994), a French professor who was an insightful analyst of
modern life in the West. In this book Ellul propounded his thesis that the technological system has become the dominant environment encompassing all of modern life in the
developed world. The following snippets from the book, shown in brackets,
summarize some of his prescient arguments. The reader is encouraged to read the book in its
entirety.
Note that this book was written forty years ago, long before social media rose to shape modern communication.
Man now lives in a technological environment.
/——
Having become a universum of means and media, technology
is in fact the environment of man. These
mediations are so generalized, extended, multiplied, that they have come to
make up a new universe; we have witnessed the emergence of the
"technological environment."
This means that man has stopped existing primarily in his "natural"
environment (made up by what is vulgarly called "nature":
countryside, forests, mountains, ocean, etc.)
He now is situated in a new, artificial environment. He no longer lives in touch with the
realities of the earth and water, but with the realities of the instruments and
objects forming the totality of his environment. He is now in an environment made of asphalt,
iron, cement, glass, plastic, and so on.
——/
Man suffers alienation from being squeezed into a technological
environment.
/——
Here and there, man recognizes and greets a fragment of his
former universe, integrated in a functional but alien and anonymous whole, in
which he nevertheless must live. There
is no other. Against that feeling of
splintering, modern man feels a keen desire for all-inclusiveness, for
synthesis. But, alas, any synthesis
produced by anything but technology fails and comes to naught.
——/
The technological environment continually molds society.
/——
Since the eighteenth century, not only has the idea of equality
become general, but, even more, it is taken as an established fact, and its
realization seems possible.
And all this is a direct result of technological growth. Technology cannot put up with irrational
discriminations or social structures based on beliefs. All inequality, all discrimination (e.g.,
racial), all particularism, are condemned by technology, for it reduces
everything to commensurable and rational factors. A complete statistical equality for any
adequate dimension and any identifiable group—such is the goal of a society
having technology as its chief factor.
——/
Man is persuaded to adapt to the technological environment.
/——
The more he conforms, the less constraint has to be used. Now the technological system produces more
and more efficient mechanisms to bring about conformity. It can offer a huge measure independence so
long as human action does not challenge the system.
The system tends to be more and more abstract and to establish
itself at a second or third degree.
Hence, the primary and superficial conformisms may disappear—man seems
to acquire far greater freedom. He can
listen to the music he likes, dress as he likes, take on completely aberrant
religious beliefs or moral attitudes; none of these things challenge the
technological system. The technologies
even produce the means of these diversifications for man. But these diversifications exist only to the
extent that the technologies function, and the latter function only to the
extent that technological system keeps improving.
——/
Conformity to the technological system crowds out conformity to
previous systems.
/——
Conformity to technology is not the true social conformity. The technological system omits from its scope
things that used to the object of great concern by society (e.g., the identity
of moral conducts). That is why we have
to avoid posing the present-day problems in classical moral terms.
——/
The process of adapting to the technological environment is eased
by technology.
/——
Whenever technology creates, say, desperate social situations
because of the complexity, the demands (which make countless young, old, and
semi-capable people powerless and marginal, etc.), the free motion of
technologies—it instantly establishes a social service, technologies of
prevention, adaptation, readjustment, etc.
These are actually technologies and hence represent the system, being
meant to facilitate life in this inhuman universe. Thus, an ensemble of reparation technologies
is formed.
Because of these technologies, man can succeed in having a
pleasant and livable life. But this is
nothing more than substituting an artificial system and a technological
fatefulness for the old natural system and the fatefulness of the gods. There is no retort, no original invention by
man: In reality, the facilitation is always produced by technology itself. It is technology that furnishes gadgets,
television, travel, to make up for a colorless, adventure-less, routine
existence.
——/
Man comes to embrace the technological environment
because of the attractions that technology provides.
/——
One should not view the technological system as manufacturing
human robots. On the contrary, it
develops those things on which we make our humanity most strongly dependent:
diversity, altruism, nonconformity. But
they are perfectly integrated into the system itself. That is to say, they function for the benefit
of the system, supplying it with new nourishment and making one another
materialize thanks to what the system furnishes.
Thus, the need for play, which is discovered to be so fundamental
to a human being, is put to use by the technological system. Man has a wonderful time playing with all the
machines at his disposal—and this playing will be so much more exciting,
because of technicity. Thus, similarly,
the technological system has allowed man to rediscover the refined techniques
of sexual play—which, however, are nothing but technologies.
I realize I may be asked: "But if man can develop all his
potentials through technology, what more do you want?" A tough question to answer. How can we point out that highly technicized
sex is not love? That playing with
complex or fascinating apparatuses is not equivalent to a child's playing with
bits of wood? That the nature
reconstituted by technology is not nature?
That functionalized nonconformity is not existential? In other words, that all those things make us
live in a universe of facticity, illusion, and make-believe.
——/
Those that serve technology become like it.
/——
The technician does not see any bearing that the study of ethics
or philosophy can have on his work.
Naturally, he admits that the specialists on moral problems, the
philosophers, et al., can pass opinions on this work, pronounce
judgements. But that is no concern of
his.
——/
Technology exerts a pervasive and homogenizing influence across
the world.
/——
We very easily note the identity of traits in the technological
phenomenon wherever it emerges. Whether
technological growth occurs in England or Japan, in the the United States or
the Soviet Union, it has the same causes and the same effects, it gives man the
same framework of living, imposes a form of labor upon him, brings the same
modifications to the social and political organisms, demands the same
conditions for its growth and development.
And it does this regardless of the historical origins, the geographic
locations or possibilities, the social or political regimes. Of course, there are nuances, distinctions,
but they are very largely secondary.
——/
Religious activities are not exempt from the influence of the
technological environment.
/——
Technology is not longer, as in the past, one factor among others
in a society which produces a civilization and is the milieu in which a
technology could be situated. It has, on
the contrary, become not only the determining fact but also the
"enveloping element," inside which our society develops.
We should really be aware of the relation that likewise exists
between what seems to be technological to us and what seems to be something
else. Even the most independent, the
most non-technological activities are located—whether we like it or not—in the
the technological system. Just as in the
Middle Ages, for example, everything was located in the christian system (even
when having no direct or visible relationship).
On the one side, everything is interpreted, understood, and received in
terms of technology. On the other side,
everything is ultimately modified by the sheer presence of the technologies: if
we take the "crisis of the Churches," aggiornamento, the spiritual
and liturgical changes, etc. This occurs
not because of a direct influence by some technology or other, but because
religious and ecclesiastical life is now situated within a technological world.
——/
Technological influences include chemical means.
/——
We have to add the use of chemical factors, which modify,
notably, activities or behaviors whenever we like. Recall the pill, which transforms the love
relationship, or tranquilizers, which ensure the relay between the individual
and his environment (relieving him of the burden of ensuring and mastering
circumstances himself, of integrating experience—for it is precisely the lack
of this ability that makes the tranquilizers necessary). Recall the many drugs for conjuring up
mystical experiences or for directing a religious life. To be sure, man has always looked for
stimulants (coca) and artificial paradises.
But here as elsewhere, the difference is that these devices are transformed
into technological procedures in the modern sense and that they are integrated
into the overall technological system.
——/
The technological environment shapes love.
/——
Love can become technological so long as it is stripped of all
feeling, all commitment, of everything that involves giving, impulse,
passion—all the merriment of love—and so long as it is brought down to an
act. Reduced in this way and separated
from the all-inclusiveness of being, it can truly be technicized. The sexual act detached from life (the life
of the protagonists and of those who could be born form it) is a
mechanism. But the very act of proposing
and spreading technologies (form the pill to the Kama Sutra) obligatorily turns
sex into a technology—and turning it into a technology necessarily causes this reduction
and separation. They are ever and always
the result of applying a technology.
The second comment is that the fervent advocates of this
technicization are the left-wingers, the revolutionaries, the progressives, the
freedom enthusiasts. These demagogues of
liberty struggle valiantly against the moral obscurantism of the past in order
to impose the freedom of love. But
caught, as usual, in their own trap, they are simply making progress (and what
progress) for the technological universe.
They are the mythomaniacs of liberty and yet they serve
technicization—thereby transforming love into its reverse and sterilizing both
love-life and the merriment that should be part of it.
——/
As technology transforms society, dislocations result.
/——
What is actually desired (albeit not clearly expressed) is a
perfectly malleable social organization, because in order to progress,
technology demands a great social mobility; it requires huge population shifts,
changes in the practice of professions, allotments of resources, and
alterations in group structures and in the relations among these groups or
among individuals within the groups. It
seems altogether simple and obvious that nowadays, in the course of his career,
a man must foresee the possibility of changing his profession (i.e., his
technology) three times in thirty years.
He must therefore be polyspecialized, rather than specialized in one
branch; he has to be retrained en route and mobilized in mid-career. But since a man of forty is less flexible,
less open, with a poorer memory and a lower aptitude for learning than a man of
thirty, it is taken for granted that he should be paid less because he is less
adapted to the new technology.
——/
A man must adapt to technology or risk not having a livelihood.
/——
Today, a man can have space to live in only if he is a
technician. A collectivity can resist
the pressures of the surrounding milieu only if it uses technologies. Having technological ways of coping is now a
matter of life and death for all of us.
Because there is no equivalent power anywhere in the world.
The same is true for the individual. He is obliged to choose the most advanced
technology. Plainly, an engineer who
continues applying century-old technologies is not going to find a job. And just as plainly, artisanry is eliminated
because it competes with technological procedures.
——/
As technology drains man of true inner strength and vitality and
meaning, it provides artificial substitutes as compensation.
/——
When modern man, because of his life in this society, loses a profound
force, a wellspring of vitality, a motivation, and no longer knows how to act
by virtue of that basic reason, a reason for action and meaning, when he is so
lackluster that he has no more purchase on the outside world, then,
automatically, a technology is born to allow indispensable action despite
everything, This action, becoming more
efficient, is therefore easier and requires no such great motivation, no such
total judgment, no such full effort.
Thanks to technology, man can not only do harder things more easily, he
can also act meaninglessly and remain perfectly outside his action. We know this from the difference between
killing an enemy face to face with a knife and bombing an area from four miles
up. We can posit as a consistent and
permanent feature that when man loses a deep reason for acting, a technology
appears that allows him to act in the same area, but without any reason. The means has entirely replaced the meaning. There is a technological aping of man's most
profound expression. This is apparent in
all the psychological technologies when people can no longer engage in a human
relationship, when friendship no longer inhabits the human heart, when there is
no longer authenticity in a group. These
things are supplanted by the technologies of human relations and group
dynamics, perfectly mimicking from the outside the things that should only be
spontaneously invented in the inmost heart of man.
——/
